The Government Of India s Ban Of Cigarette Advertisement...

The Government of India s ban of cigarette advertisement at sporting events had many in support and many in opposition. The supporters of the ban included citations from the World Health Organization which documented that tobacco accounted for over 3 million deaths in 1990, the figure rising to 4.023 million deaths in 1998. It was estimated that tobacco related deaths would rise to 8.4 million in 2020 and to 10 million in about 2030. There was an increasing fear that tobacco companies were inducing children and young people to begin experimenting with tobacco products, and in this way initiate regular smoking, and lifelong consumers of tobacco. It was cited that RJ Reynolds had targeted youth in their advertisement by having their mascot in the form of a cartoon that would capture the attention of children as new customers and that advertising in general ,aggressively pushes their products across to current smokers and non smokers and that it was the tobacco companies agenda to create new customers to replace the customers who were dying from tobacco related health complications. There were studies with four countries including Norway, France, Finland and Canada that showed a ban that covered all brands and channels proved to be successful in a decrease in cigarette sales and a decrease in young smokers picking up the habit. Those in support of the ban in India also point out that the government has a duty to protect it s citizens and that althoughShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of The Indian Government959 Words   |  4 Pagesthe late 90 s and early 2000 s, but it is still something we should strive to understand and functionally work with. The European Union and the United States have banned advertisements from television, while only the United States has banned tobacco advertising for sporting events. The Indian government had enacted an initiative to ban tobacco advertising in sporting events in 2001 to help curb the appeal of tobacco use in minors. The ethical ramifications of the Indian government within thisRead MoreThe Role of Advertising in Marketing Communications9872 Words   |  40 Pagesquality image dilution. 3. EVENTS AND EXPERIENCES – Company sponsored activities and programs designed to create daily or special brand related interactions. The advantages of events and experiences are as follows: Relevant: A well chosen event or experience can be seen as highly relevant as the consumer gets personally involved. Involving: Given their live, real – time quality, consumers can find events and experiences more actively engaging. Implicit: Events are more of an indirect â€Å"softRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pages Marketing management – an introduction Unit structure: 1. Introduction 2. Learning Objectives 3. Marketing Management 3.1. Evolution of marketing management 3.2. The Role of Marketing 3.3. Marketing concepts 3.4. The Marketing Mix (The 4 P s Of Marketing) 3.5. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Ethics in Marketing 4. Have you understood type questions 5. Summary 6. Exercises 7. References 1. INTRODUCTION: The apex body in United States of America for the Marketing functions, AmericanRead MoreUAE Consumer Lifestyle Analysis42818 Words   |  172 PagesTable 50 Consumer Expenditure on Alcoholic Beverages and Tobacco (Constant 2009 Value): 2005-2009 44 Table 51 Consumer Expenditure on Alcoholic Beverages and Tobacco (Constant 2009 Value): 2010-2020 44 Smoking 44 Smoking Habits 44 Shopping for Cigarettes and Tobacco 45 Table 52 Smoking Prevalence: 2005-2009 45 Personal Appearance 45 Shopping for Toiletries and Cosmetics 45 Attitudes Towards Hair and Beauty 46 Table 53 Expenditure on Cosmetics and Toiletries (Current Value): 2005-2009 47 TableRead MoreCase Studies67624 Words   |  271 PagesC-67 Gillette and the men’s wet-shaving market C-76 Incat Tasmania’s race for international success: Blue Riband strategies C-95 Kiwi Travel International Airlines Ltd C-105 CASE 8 Beefing up the beefless Mac: McDonald’s expansion strategies in India: C-120 CASE 9 Nucor Corporation and the US steel industry C-128 CASE 10 Pacific Dunlop: Caught on the half volley C-157 CASE 11 Philip Morris C-173 CASE 12 Pisces Group of Singapore C-188 CASE 13 Raffles, Singapore’s historic hotel C-194 CASERead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesexperience.  » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S  » www.wileyplus.com ALL THE HELP, RESOURCES, AND PERSONAL SUPPORT YOU AND YOUR STUDENTS NEED! 2-Minute Tutorials and all of the resources you your students need to get started www.wileyplus.com/firstday Student support from an experienced student user Ask your local representative for details! Collaborate with your colleagues, find a mentor, attend virtual and live events, and view resources www.WhereFacultyConnect.com Pre-loadedRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pageswas an unlikely entrant into a dance culture that was still raw and far from respectable. He actually preferred classical music. The club’s name, the Ministry of Sound, ironically recalled Palumbo’s father, a former Minister in the Conservative government of the day. Yet within just 10 years, Palumbo built the Ministry of Sound into a music and media empire worth nearly  £150m. Two years later, Palumbo had quit as chief executive and the Ministry of Sound was looking for a new strategic directionRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. 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Kresge), JCPenney, and Dayton-Hudson and its Target subsidiary. He held positions in store management, central buying, and merchandise management. His first textbook, Marketing: Management and Social Change, was published in 1972. It was ahead

Fda Approval Process Of Drugs Essay - 1681 Words

Joston Toney Nicole Thompson English 2010 Online 03 December 2016 The FDA Approval Process of Drugs When I was a kid, I always wondered why it took so long for an ill person to become well again. I always thought that if the ill person went to the doctor they would be back to normal the next day, but that’s not the case. For some people it took several days, weeks, months, and even years to conquer an illness but as a child I never could understand that. I don’t know how many times I’ve asked my mom or dad how come the doctors don’t get together and make a â€Å"miracle† drug that could heal anything and everything. It wasn’t until the age of 15 when my grandmother was diagnosed with breast cancer that I understood why it took so long for others to heal and the process that they had to endure in order to be healthy again. Shortly after my grandmother’s diagnosis, I started looking into what it would take to get a drug that would cure cancer through the approval process on the shelf to save some many others just like my grandmother. B ut I kept running into a dead end. Everything seemed to keep pointing towards chemotherapy and radiation. Although I wanted something to heal my grandmother fast, chemotherapy and radiation was the only solution if I had wish to see her watch me graduate high school. I went to almost every appointment with her to watch how it helped strengthen but also watch as it drained her energy. A month of chemotherapy and a few weeks of radiation and myShow MoreRelatedFda s Drug Approval Process : History, Pre Market, And Post Market1208 Words   |  5 PagesHunter Larson Barbara Roark PLS 130 1 July 2015 The FDA’s Drug Approval Process: History, Pre-Market, and Post-Market I. Introduction The Food and Drug Administration is a regulation agency within the Department of Health and Human Services. It’s role in our nation is to be responsible for â€Å"protecting the public health by assuring the safety, efficacy and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, medical devices, our nation’s food supply, cosmetics, and products that emit radiation†Read MoreFda s Drug Approval Process : History, Pre Market, And Post Market1881 Words   |  8 PagesHunter Larson Prof. Barbara Roark PLS 130 1 July 2015 The FDA’s Drug Approval Process: History, Pre-Market, and Post-Market I. Introduction The Food and Drug Administration is a regulation agency within the Department of Health and Human Services. It’s role in our nation is to be responsible for â€Å"protecting the public health by assuring the safety, efficacy and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, medical devices, our nation’s food supply, cosmetics, and products that emitRead MoreEvaluation Of A New Drug1167 Words   |  5 Pagesfor a new cancer drug to go from concept to market it must first go through the following FDA approval process to get there. This process can take up to 12 years and cost a drug manufacturer well over 350 million dollars.2 The steps are Preclinical research, the Investigational New Drug (IND) application, Phase I Trials, Phase II Trials, Phase III Trials, the New Drug Application (NDA), Approval, and Phase IV Clinical Trials.1 The FDA regulates this process to ensure that drugs are safe and effectiveRead MoreThe Use Of Fda Regulation Of Drug Industr y And Its Impact On Marketing1736 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION Human drugs are regulated by the U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA). One of the first legislation which authorized FDA to regulate drugs was â€Å"Pure Food and Drugs Act† enacted in 1906. In last century, role of FDA has significantly increased in terms of regulation and supervision of drugs to promote and protect public health. The historical evolution of FDA regulation of the drug industry and its impact on marketing unapproved drugs will be discussed later in this memorandum. TheRead MoreThe Importance Of Fast Track Designation976 Words   |  4 PagesPathways (APs) for the development of new drugs in the U.S., Europe, and Japan are intended to bring needed and important new treatments to patients more quickly which have multiplied in recent years and have proven to present opportunities and benefits for patients and developers (Parexel, 2016). Accelerated Approval (AA) was created by FDA regulation in 1992, in response to the emergence of the AIDS epidemic (Health Affairs, 2017). It was codified by the FDA Safety and Innovation Act (FDASIA) in 2012Read MorePrescription Drug User Act ( Pdufa )844 Words   |  4 Pagesmarketing approval for any drug in United States it has to pass through FDA review process. Under prescription Drug User Act (PDUFA) came in effect in 1992, FDA has set up specific goals to improve drug review process time and created two tiered system of review times. The standard review and The Priority Review. 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Drug advertisements make false and misleading claims, products areRead MoreDrug And Drug Testing In The Roles Of The New Drugs831 Words   |  4 Pagesbroad review in order to get the approval process by the Unites St ates Food and Drug Administration before any drugs can be prescribed to any of it patients. By the end of the year 2016, according to the 3.2 billion drugs were ordered from many physician practice for there patients (CDC, 2016). Many of these good and some are harmful drugs have bombarded numerous of pill bottles. Currently, the drugs supposed to go through a process of development, and next approval before being introduce/marketing

Atticus Finch and Southern Liberalism free essay sample

While reading Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird, in most readers eyes Atticus Finch is a good man and a hero for defending Tom Robinson, an african american who is accused of beating and taking advantage of Mayella Ewell, a nineteen year old white female. After class discussion and after reading The Courthouse Ring by Malcolm Gladwell, readers learn that Atticus Finch was based off of James (Big Jim) Folsom, a governor of Alabama in the 1950s. Like Big Jim, Atticus treated african americans as qual to whites, he shook their hands, he didnt ignore them, and he stood up for what he believed in. Even with these heroic actions, Atticus was not a civil-rights activist. Gladwell states Hes [Atticus] Jim Folsom, looking for racial salvation through hearts and minds. . Later in the article, Gladwell makes an argument by saying Here is where the criticism of Finch begins, because the hearts-and-minds approach is about accommodation, not reform. We will write a custom essay sample on Atticus Finch and Southern Liberalism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the same paragraph Gladwell talks about how in the book, Atticuss children bring up the subject of the Ku Klux Klan. Atticus tells them that the Klan was nothing more than a political organization looking for someone to scare. Sam Levy stood his ground on his porch making them so ashamed of themselves that they went away. Sounding upset, Gladwell says Someone in Finchs historical position would surely have been aware of the lynching of Leo Frank in Marietta, Georgia, in 1915. and that He wants to believe In the fantasy of Sam Levy, down the street, giving the Klan a good scolding. Also in the same paragraph, Gladwell mentions how Atticus spends the night In front of the Jail protecting Tom rom a lynch mob led by Walter Cunningham. In the book, Scout brings Walter Cunningham to his senses, or In other words humanizes him and makes him realize what hes doing, and they leave. When Atticus tries to explain what happened at the jail to Scout, he tells her that Cunningham Is basically a good man and Ilke everybody else he has blind spots. With that, Gladwell comes back with the words from legal scholar Monroe Freedman, It Just happens that Cunninghams blind spot (along with the rest us of? ) Is a homicidal hatred of black people. Gladwell also tates, What he [Atticus] will not do Is look at the problem of racism outside the Immediate context of Mr. Cunningham, Mr. Levy, and the Island community of Maycomb, Alabama. In response to Malcolm Gladwells argument I think Atticus almost had to fight racism through the heart-and-mind because hes a single parent of two, and his children Idolize him. If something were to happen to Atticus, the children would be devastated. Bob Ewell attacks Jem and Scout because he wanted to get back at Atticus for humlllatlng him In front of the town, so If Atticus was a clvll- ights activist, people who opposed him wouldnt be afraid to go after his kids, and Atticus would never risk his children getting hurt. With the KKK situation, Gladwell has to see reason that Atticus Is talking to a SIX and ten year old trying not to scare them. Atticus was most likely aware of what the KKK was capable of, he Just trying to explain to his children that there Isnt anything to be afraid of and the Klan Isnt around anymore. I dont think that Atticus wanted to believe that Sam Levy was giving the Klan a scolding, I think he was Just slmpllfylng a story for Scout and Jem. I tnlnK Gladwell Is Delng a II ttle too narsn on Attlcus Hncn, again ne Is a single Tatner trying to raise his kids right. Atticus is right everyone has blind spots, no its not right to be racist, but everyone has different Judgements and opinions about everyone. Mr. Cunningham is an uneducated, white, low-class farmer living in the 1930s so it isnt very shocking that he is the one leaving the mob. It shows Cunningham is a good man when he steps down and makes the mob leave, he realizes that what he was about to do was inhuman, and wrong.

Positive Impact of Outsourcing on Business- Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Advantages and Disadvantages of Outsourcing Business Functions. Answer: Introduction The proposed research is based on the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing business functions. In managerial context, the practices of outsourcing have varied a lot over the past two decades, which is spanning from the externalization of support activities to some fundamental process. However, in the recent time, organizations tend to manage a portfolio of outsourced activities that could include relatively low-skill activities and knowledge-intensive service (Liu, and Wang 2014). It has been observed in the recent time that flourishing of Information Technology outsourcing, the increasingly widespread of finance and accounting information, medical outsourcing, and the emergence of knowledge outsourcing remains as the promising niche within the broader concept of business process outsourcing. Even though, outsourcing practices have been embraced with the usual favor and the broadening of their span has certainly clashed with some pressure internal and external stakeholders. However, it is also found that described enhanced complexity of suppler-customer relations in outsourcing calls for an intensive reflection on its definition as well as the actual span of action. The proposed study focuses on how outsourcing business practices influence the operation of the organizations that rely on such practices. The proposed research also investigates the challenges that organizations face while incorporating such practices in the business. The proposed research is conducted based on some related theme associated with business outsourcing such as offshore outsourcing, the drawbacks associated with the usual practice of outsourcing. Some particular objectives have been formed based on which the research is supposed to be conducted. The research includes a set of techniques that will be used at the time of conducting the analysis; thereby, an outline of the research methods has been provided in the following. Background of the Research Outsourcing is a unique experience and individual organizations find its impact to come in a different shape and sizes. It is also observed that outsourcing is one of the significant tools that organizations use to meet its growth, business and operational strategies. Outsourcing has been as the field of investigation in many fields, spanning from management of information system to the international business (Al-Mutairi and Al-Hammad 2015). In spite of the hierarchical of its definition, the scholars agree that the decision to outsource raises the matter of reliance of the organizations on external sources input, services, process and other-adding activities. The authors focus on the balancing the span of activities that organizations carry out internally against those are acquired from outside. In this context, iek and Ozer (2011) commented that as defining the outsourcing as the decision to outsource activities by recurring to medium or long-term agreements also including the tran sfer of activities and personnel to third parties. Hence, this particular is also relevant with the further development of the nature of outsourcing that has been recorded during the past decade such as offshoring global sourcing. Many studies have been conducted on outsourcing and the studies claim that outsourcing is the best way to minimize the cost and enhance the performance. Particularly, Dolgui and Proth, (2013) commented that drastic development in the supply market has also triggered the outsourcing the techniques for product and services across a series of activities such as financial service, automotive, airlines and many others. Furthermore, Kang et al. (2012) also commented that increasing globalization has enabled the organizations to focus more on their outsourcing decision. The tactical organizations have started to incorporate outsourcing as the strategic aspect or weapon to compete in the market. Project Scope The proposed research provides an empirical analysis of the organizations that have incorporated the outsourcing practices in the business. To conduct the research with the developed objectives, various aspects relevant to the aspects of outsourcing such as offshore outsourcing, cost structure, advantages and disadvantages of the incorporated practice, the organizational performance compared with the conventional business industry has been included in the study. The objectives provided below help to lead the research toward the desired direction. The proposed research is structured with a number phases such as the introductory section provides the significance of the research and provides the objectives. The next phase provides theoretical framework and represents a critical analysis of the major explanatory theories related to outsourcing that have been used for dealing outsourcing. Project aim and Objectives The aim of the proposed research is to investigate the advantages and disadvantages associated with outsourcing. The research aims to examine how outsourcing influences the business operation of the organizations. The following are the key objectives of the research: To critically evaluate the impact of outsourcing on business To analyze the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing in business To evaluate the challenges that organizations face in incorporating the outsourcing practices to the business Hypotheses H0-There is a negative impact of outsourcing practices on business H1- There is a positive impact of outsourcing practices on business Research Questions What is the impact of outsourcing on business? What are the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing that organization encounter? What are the challenges that organization face in incorporating the outsourcing practices? Methodology In order to incorporate the above-mentioned requirements and conduct the study, the some particular research techniques are supposed to be included into the proposed research. As put forward by Miller et al. (2012), methodology is the framework which is associated with a specific set of pragmatic assumption that will be used to perform the research. Short et al. (2012) also commented that methodology should be the most suitable and appropriate to accomplish the research objectives. The proposed research includes both primary and secondary analysis. The secondary data will be collected from the reliable secondary sources such as peer-reviewed journals, blogs, newsletter, published annual reports and others. On the other side, to collect the primary data, the organization IBM will be considered. By conducting the survey and interview among the employees of IBM, the required type of data will be conducted. The proposed study will include a positivism research philosophy, as this researc h philosophy will help to broaden the scope of observation. In addition, it helps to extract the hidden truth from the facts. Data Collection techniques In order to conduct the proposed research, both primary and secondary data will be collected. To collect the primary data, the quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques will be applied to the research. To collect the quantitative data, survey will be conducted among the employees of IBM. Likewise, to collect qualitative data, the interview will be conducted among the managers of IBM. Both close-ended and open-ended questions will be designed to collect the data. For quantitative data, the close-ended questions will be designed and for qualitative data, the open-ended questions will be designed. Sampling methods- Sampling can be used as the particular to choose members of population to be included in the research. Both probability and non-probability sampling will be used in the proposed study. Probability sampling will be selected because the respondents-employees might not have intensive knowledge regarding the outsourcing business functions. Therefore, they might prefer close-ended question where they can provide a straightforward answer. On the other side, the non-probability sampling will be used as to include descriptive answers in the discussion, it is mandatory to include the criteria of including people who have vast knowledge regarding the context of the research. The probability sampling will include 60 employees of IBM and non-probability sampling will use 5 managers of IBM. Data analysis In order to make the analysis of the data, the data findings will be linked to the outcome of the literature review. In addition, before conducting the analysis, the data will be converted to numeric digits and then they will be presented in the table and graph. To make the analysis, the outcome will be linked to the each theme found in the literature review. The data analysis for quantitative studies involves the critical analysis and the interpretation of figures and number. This analysis helps to find the rationale the behind the emergence of the major findings. In addition to this, comparisons of primary research findings to the findings of the literature review are fundamentally crucial for both type of studies- qualitative and quantitative that will be used in the study. Reliability and Validity The research conducted in the present study is reliable because it is assured that the same responses can be obtained using the instruments that will be used in the present study. The survey and the interview will provide the same result whenever the study is conducted with these two studies. On the other side, the research is valid as the appropriate research techniques will be used in the present study and the sample used in the study is relevant to the research context. The large sample Research limitation The present study is limited to primary analysis only; the secondary analysis will not be included in the study. In addition, the research lacks a comparative study, which only organization has been considered to investigate outsourcing practices of business. A comparative study would provide more intensive and suitable outcome. Conclusion In conclusion, it can be mentioned that the proposed study will help to learn how outsourcing business practices influence the business. It is expected that outcome will emphasize on the positive impact of outsourcing on business now. The practice of outsourcing is rapidly increasing and the organizations are being benefitted by such practices. However, outcome will provide the accurate understanding regarding the context References Al-Mutairi, A.O. and Al-Hammad, A., 2015. Advantages and Disadvantages of Maintenance Outsourcing in Manufacturing Companies: With Special References to Jubail Industrial CityKSA.European Journal of Business and Management,7(20). iek, I. and Ozer, B., 2011. The effect of outsourcing human resource on organizational performance: the role of organizational culture.International journal of business and management studies,3(2), pp.131-144. Dolgui, A. and Proth, J.M., 2013. Outsourcing: definitions and analysis.International Journal of Production Research,51(23-24), pp.6769-6777. Kang, M., Wu, X., Hong, P. and Park, Y., 2012. Aligning organizational control practices with competitive outsourcing performance.Journal of Business Research,65(8), pp.1195-1201. Liu, S. and Wang, L., 2014. Understanding the impact of risks on performance in internal and outsourced information technology projects: The role of strategic importance.International Journal of Project Management,32(8), pp.1494-1510. Miller, T., Birch, M., Mauthner, M. and Jessop, J. eds., 2012.Ethics in qualitative research. Sage. Short, M.B., Black, L., Smith, A.H., Wetterneck, C.T. and Wells, D.E., 2012. A review of Internet pornography use research: Methodology and content from the past 10 years.Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking,15(1), pp.13-23.

Discuss how Carol Ann Duffy and Sheenagh Pugh explore Essay Example

Discuss how Carol Ann Duffy and Sheenagh Pugh explore Paper The concept of journey is one which pervades much of both Carol Ann Duffys and Sheenagh Pughs poetry, in literal and allegorical terms. Various devices and imagery are used in order to convey this concept, having varying effects on the reader, which will be analysed in the subsequent paragraphs.  The theme of travelling is present in Originally by Duffy, in which physical translocation (specifically emigration) is depicted through such nouns as country, emigration, and accent, and such verbs as rushed back, fell through, and leaving you standing. The latter phrase features two present continuous verbs, suggesting a sense of progression which contradicts the actual meaning of the verb standing, which functions as an adjective, communicating a lack of movement. This dichotomy reflects Duffys own unease regarding her own relocation during her childhood, in which she moved from Glasgow, Scotland to Stafford, England when she was six years old. This had a profound effect on her poetry, with references to travel palpable not only in the current poem but also in others like In Mrs Tilschers Class (You ran through the gates, impatient to be grown), Who Loves You (travelling in those mystical machines,) River (At the turn of the river the language changes), The Way My Mother Speaks (The train this slow evening / goes down England), and In Your Mind (The other country). We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss how Carol Ann Duffy and Sheenagh Pugh explore specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss how Carol Ann Duffy and Sheenagh Pugh explore specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss how Carol Ann Duffy and Sheenagh Pugh explore specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Moreover, enjambment is utilised throughout the poem; for example,  Do I only / think / I lost a river, culture, speech in order to visually represent flow, reflecting the physical sense of movement in a journey. However, use of enjambment (often followed by caesura) also interrupts the meaning of the lines since the words are not contained on one line therefore their meanings are spread across multiple lines, forming another dichotomy like the aforementioned one. These two dualities convey to the reader that there are two sides to every journey: the positivity and optimism of a new journey, and the negativity and regret of leaving ones past behind. The reader responds to this by perceiving the emotional qualities of the concept of journey and perhaps relate Duffys experiences onto their own, thus they begin to identify more with Duffys poetic explorations of journey; because, as has been stated, Duffy features journey in her work often, the readers identification with the concept makes her considerably more accessible, and so her non-journey-related social commentaries are more likely to be read and explored by the reader. There are several references to travelling in In Mrs. Tilschers Class, including  You could travel up the Blue Nile, which features the modal verb could to demonstrate the vast array of possibilities individuals have appertaining travel in the modern world. This builds an aura of wonder and mental fantasy as the reader imagines where they could travel, reflecting the wonder children experience whilst learning in school. Proper nouns, namely, Tana. Ethiopia. Khartoum. Aswan also convey this sense of endless potential voyages. However, as is often the case with her work, Duffy intentionally limits this effect by only referring to locations in Africa, since Tana is in Ethiopia, Khartoum in Sudan, and Aswan in Egypt. This makes the reader reconsider whether travel is really worthwhile; this is of course poignant bearing in mind Duffys own experience with travel, because, at such a young age, moving miles away from home is an anxious event, thus Duffy is warning readers to truly evaluate relocation due to its potential psychologically traumatic effects. A somewhat inverted sentiment is expressed in Pughs Birmingham Navigation graffiti, in which she includes adjectives like smoke-blackened, lurid, jaundiced and gangrenous to depict the dilapidated state of Birmingham. Pugh does so to communicate her disdain for Birmingham, where she grew up but later moved away from. Unlike Duffy who warns against relocation, Pugh is positive that she moved away from her birthplace; for example, the fact that the noun graffiti is in lower-case is intended to chastise the overly prominent visual pollution, which no doubt galvanised Pughs strong dislike for big cities. While Duffy expresses a rather mono-faceted opinion of travel, Pughs is more ambiguous; she is in favour of counter-urban (that is, rural) travel, but not urban travel. In the second stanza, You see precedes space, followed by a new line, suggesting that visitors to Birmingham struggle to find anything aesthetically worthwhile to comment on. Pugh then completes the sentence, with towns backsides which portrays the view of industrialised towns highly negatively, since the noun backside is usually associated with faeces. This evocative imagery makes the reader picture the forsaken state of the city, so they are more likely to align with Pughs disdainful view. The concept of physical journey is typical in many of Pughs poems, for example she includes Scandanavian proper nouns often in the collection, What a Place to Grow Flowers in the titles of such poems as Men growing flowers: Hveragerdi, Ingthor the chanter, The flute-playing at Skalholt and Going back to Hlidarendi and also refers to travel in the Earth Studies collection in such poems as After I came back from Iceland (When I got back to Heathrow) and Harbours (over the glittering road you should have gone to your true harbour). Disillusion with the aesthetically disappointing state of Britain during the highly-industrialised, Thatcher-run 80s influenced Pugh to travel abroad and write about the liberating effects of foreign journey, and her evocative language and simile such as how breathing was like drinking cold water encourages readers to travel abroad to enjoy these experiences. In In Mrs. Tilschers Class the number of travel-related ideas diminishes as the poem progresses, conveying, in her eyes, the lack of imagination and exploration the children in the poem face as they grow up. This links strongly to the theme of maturity.  Running parallel to the theme of physical journey is that of journey from innocence and youth to knowledge and maturity, which is explored in Religion 1, wherein the transition from nescience to knowledge is depicted through the subtle sexual reference of,  some thing / well-shaped; uncommon; fashioned to their liking. Needless to say, this is a reference to temptation in the Garden of Eden in the Genesis story of Adam and Eve, and the use of the nonspecific adverb some suggests lack of knowledge, which is antithetical to the subsequent knowledge they experience; the verb know (present in the subsequent poem in Selected Poems, History 1) can mean, in a Biblical sense, copulate, thus this is a subtle reference to sexual maturity a nd discovery. Unlike in many of her earlier works, predominantly those in Standing Female Nude such as Oppenheims Cup and Saucer and Girlfriends, Duffy similarly uses subtle references to sexual maturity in In Mrs. Tilschers Class in which she mentions inky tadpoles which can be interpreted as a metaphor for sperm cells, which resemble tadpoles. This symbolism conveys the growing childrens sexual maturity, and in the context of the poem which intends to paint a picture of every readers experience of growing up and school-life through use of the generic second-person pronoun, you, how sexual maturity is an integral part of growing up. Dissimilar to in Originally, this poem uses less enjambment and more full-stops and commas at the ends of lines; this is significant since the former poem is primarily about a literal journey, and the latter a figurative journey, therefore the diminished presence of enjambment suggests that growing up is a less smooth-flowing journey than relocation. This makes reader more likely to identify with this poem because everyone experiences adolescence but not everyone relocation, so Duffys work is more appreciated and, as has been mentioned, her social messages are reached by a wider audience.

Comm 307 Study Guide Essays

Comm 307 Study Guide Essays Comm 307 Study Guide Essay Comm 307 Study Guide Essay Comm 307 Midterm Study Guide Types of Hypotheses: ?tentative statement about the relationship between IV DV ?One-tailed ?predicts the specific nature of the relationship or difference ?EX: Females will talk more (higher word count) than males in mixed dyadic dinner conversations ? Two-tailed ?predicts significant relationship or difference, but does not indicate the specific nature of the relationship ?EX: There is a significant difference in the quantity of words used (talkatively) by males females in mixed dyadic dinner conversations ? Null (Ho)? predicts that groups will not vary on DV or that there is not a relationship between 2 variables ? Ho: r=0 H1: r=0 ?H0: male talkatively = female talkatively ?**you are testing the Null hypotheses Types of Research Questions: ?explicit question researchers ask about variables of interest ? Directional ?asks if there is a positive or negative relationship or a specific difference between two or more variables ?EX: Do females use significa ntly more words than males? ?Nondirectional ?when researcher asks if there is no relationship between two or more variables or a significant difference occurs between two or more variables EX: Is there a significant difference between the amount of words (talkatively) females and males? Variables: ?Any entity that can take on different values ?Concrete ?birth order (first born, middle child, baby) ?sex (male or female) ?Abstract ?age (a number that changes) ?level of public speaking anxiety (score) ?Relationships ?correspondence between two variables ?Correlation ?Positive, Negative, No relationship ?Strength and Direction Variables: ?Independent ?variable(s) that is (are) manipulated or changed ?we study the impact on the DV ?Dependent ?variables recorded or measured ?we study changes in DV **RESPONDER! ?Intervening Variables ?variable that intervenes between the independent variable the dependent variable ? Antecedent Variables ?must consider what happened previously ?a study exa mining the impact of conflict (IV) on marital satisfaction (DV) ?possible antecedent variables could potentially impact the results ? Variable Levels ?Nominal ?three rules: ?mutually exclusive ?equivalency ?exhaustive ?examples: ?biological sex (male vs female) ?heart attack (yes vs no) ?Ordinal ?three rules: ?mutually exclusive ?logical ordering of categories (more of something) ?categorical balance ?examples: socio economic status ?(lower, middle, upper) ?education level ?(high school, college, graduate) ? letter grades ?(A, B, C, D, or F) ?Interval ?variable where the values of the categories are classified in a logical order that represents equal distances between the levels within each category ?there is no absolute zero ?examples: ?likert scale ?strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree, strongly agree ? semantic differential/bipolar adjective scale ? good/bad, dirty/clean, strong/weak ? guttman or scalogram rarely used in comm research ?to ascertain belief ?Ratio ?variable where the values of the categories are classified in a logical order that represents equal distances between the levels within each category with the presence of an absolute zero ?examples: ?temperature, age, height, weight ?mass, blood pressure, speed, heart rate CALCULATING Mean Median Mode ?most frequently reported score ?Bimodal (2 different modes) ?No Mode Skewness ?positively skewed = tail runs to right of curve ?negatively skewed = tail runs to left of curve Kurtosis ?If Kurtosis is above 0, then distribution is peaked with short, thick tails If Kurtosis is below 0, then distribution is flat and has many cases in the tails Normal Distribution (Bell curve) ?mean, median, mode = same number = bell curve CALCULATING: ?Range ?distance between largest value (Xmax) smallest score (Xmin) ?range = Xmax Xmin ?Sum of Squares ?Variance ?the average distance of the scores for an internal or ration scale from the mean in squared units ?high variance = most of scores are away form the me an ?low variance = most scores are centered closely to the mean ?Standard Deviation ?summary statistic of how scores vary from the mean is expressed in the original units of measurement tells us on avg how far each score differs from the avg score ?why we care: ?for a study we might see a reported: (M=24. 5, SD = 2. 1) ? 68% between 22. 4-26. 6 ?95% between 20. 3-28. 7 Likert Scales ?one likert scale ordinal data ?multiple likert scales interval data ?strongly disagree-strongly agree Semantic Differential Scales ?determines differential/bipolar adjective ?one scale ordinal data ?multiple interval data Reliability ?accuracy that a measure has for producing stable, consistent measurements ?ex: does the watch work effectively? ?Tests for Reliability Test-retest ?same measure/different occasion ?Alternate ?different measure/same phenomenon ?Split-Half ?split to 2 groups/correlate scores ?Cronbach’s Alpha ?statistical test ?interpreting like grades ?a = excellent, b = good, c = r espectable, d =undesirable, f = unacceptable ? . 70 to get published ?Krippendorf’s Alpha ?Ways to improve reliability of an instrument ? item construction ?increase the length of the instrument ?improve the admin of the test Validity: ?degree to which the measuring instrument measures what it is intended to measure ? Types of Validity ?Face (content) Validity ?look at appearance of measure ?Criterion Validity ?look at how accurately new measure can predict well-accepted measures ? Construct Validity ?look at degree survey measures ?Threats to Validity ?Overlapping variables ?Measuring relationship satisfaction but actually measuring life satisfaction ? Interaction of Different Treatments ?intervening variable ?results form multiple treatments not from experiment ?ex: measuring improvement of public speaking in comm majors (its likely that other classes are contributing to success too) ? Interaction of Testing and Treatment ?when participants are sensitive or receptive to future measures of particular variable ? Hypothesis Guessing ?when participants guess what researcher is attempting to measure ? Evaluation Apprehension ?some individuals experience anxiety when they know they are being evaluated ? ex: white coat syndrome ?Experimenter Expectancies ?experimenter unknowingly influence a participants scores on a measure ? ex: accidentally telling the subject to quickly complete their measure (when they are measuring time as a ariable) ? Social Desirability Bias ?when participant changes a response to be seen in a better light ? ex: altering a survey response in case someone links the response to self Conducting Survey Research ?Prepare ?determine your question types (NOIR) ?use common sense putting survey together ?create clear instructions ?design your study ?complete pilot testing as needed ?Disseminate ?interview (face to face, telephone) ?self-administered ?mass a dministration ?mailed administration ?internet administration ?Improving Response Rates ?make survey easy to complete ?keep survey short use SASE (stamps envelopes to return) as needed ?include a good cover letter ?use multiple administration techniques Response Sets, Non-Response Bias Content Analysis ?a summarizing, quantitative analysis of messages ?conducting content analysis ?early stelps: ?theory rationale ?conceptualization ?operationalization ?detailed description ?unit of analysis: ?major phenomenon being analyzed within a study ? next steps: ?coding schemes (defined) ?sampling (determined) ?training pilot reliability Cohen’s kappa Coding Problems ?coding misinterpretations ?coder inattention ?coder fatigue

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

Marketing - Essay Example Earlier, such marketing initiatives were taken by local sales people but from Dec. 08 onwards, the company examined the viability of these campaigns by hosting events and advertising its value offer working in partnership with www.BillShrink.com, a free service that tells consumers how much they would be saving, as it shared the knowledge with prospective customers of T-Mobile that they would be saving $24 a month over a time period of two years if they change to T-Mobile. Promotions were organized in many markets including Los Angeles and San Francisco to get familiarize with BillShrink as a value tool for customers and get acquainted with sales people. It helped the company in attending to the customer needs where it has been providing distribution services, namely Chicago, Dallas, Philadelphia and San Francisco. On-site promotions were also offered to customers through â€Å"Mobile Makeovers† offering to win the maximum from using the BillShrink service (Chipps 1). Works Ci ted Chipps, William. â€Å"T-Mobile Sees Success.† Weblog entry. IEG’s Sponsorship Blogs. 25 November 2009.