Discuss how Carol Ann Duffy and Sheenagh Pugh explore Essay Example

Discuss how Carol Ann Duffy and Sheenagh Pugh explore Paper The concept of journey is one which pervades much of both Carol Ann Duffys and Sheenagh Pughs poetry, in literal and allegorical terms. Various devices and imagery are used in order to convey this concept, having varying effects on the reader, which will be analysed in the subsequent paragraphs.  The theme of travelling is present in Originally by Duffy, in which physical translocation (specifically emigration) is depicted through such nouns as country, emigration, and accent, and such verbs as rushed back, fell through, and leaving you standing. The latter phrase features two present continuous verbs, suggesting a sense of progression which contradicts the actual meaning of the verb standing, which functions as an adjective, communicating a lack of movement. This dichotomy reflects Duffys own unease regarding her own relocation during her childhood, in which she moved from Glasgow, Scotland to Stafford, England when she was six years old. This had a profound effect on her poetry, with references to travel palpable not only in the current poem but also in others like In Mrs Tilschers Class (You ran through the gates, impatient to be grown), Who Loves You (travelling in those mystical machines,) River (At the turn of the river the language changes), The Way My Mother Speaks (The train this slow evening / goes down England), and In Your Mind (The other country). We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss how Carol Ann Duffy and Sheenagh Pugh explore specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss how Carol Ann Duffy and Sheenagh Pugh explore specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss how Carol Ann Duffy and Sheenagh Pugh explore specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Moreover, enjambment is utilised throughout the poem; for example,  Do I only / think / I lost a river, culture, speech in order to visually represent flow, reflecting the physical sense of movement in a journey. However, use of enjambment (often followed by caesura) also interrupts the meaning of the lines since the words are not contained on one line therefore their meanings are spread across multiple lines, forming another dichotomy like the aforementioned one. These two dualities convey to the reader that there are two sides to every journey: the positivity and optimism of a new journey, and the negativity and regret of leaving ones past behind. The reader responds to this by perceiving the emotional qualities of the concept of journey and perhaps relate Duffys experiences onto their own, thus they begin to identify more with Duffys poetic explorations of journey; because, as has been stated, Duffy features journey in her work often, the readers identification with the concept makes her considerably more accessible, and so her non-journey-related social commentaries are more likely to be read and explored by the reader. There are several references to travelling in In Mrs. Tilschers Class, including  You could travel up the Blue Nile, which features the modal verb could to demonstrate the vast array of possibilities individuals have appertaining travel in the modern world. This builds an aura of wonder and mental fantasy as the reader imagines where they could travel, reflecting the wonder children experience whilst learning in school. Proper nouns, namely, Tana. Ethiopia. Khartoum. Aswan also convey this sense of endless potential voyages. However, as is often the case with her work, Duffy intentionally limits this effect by only referring to locations in Africa, since Tana is in Ethiopia, Khartoum in Sudan, and Aswan in Egypt. This makes the reader reconsider whether travel is really worthwhile; this is of course poignant bearing in mind Duffys own experience with travel, because, at such a young age, moving miles away from home is an anxious event, thus Duffy is warning readers to truly evaluate relocation due to its potential psychologically traumatic effects. A somewhat inverted sentiment is expressed in Pughs Birmingham Navigation graffiti, in which she includes adjectives like smoke-blackened, lurid, jaundiced and gangrenous to depict the dilapidated state of Birmingham. Pugh does so to communicate her disdain for Birmingham, where she grew up but later moved away from. Unlike Duffy who warns against relocation, Pugh is positive that she moved away from her birthplace; for example, the fact that the noun graffiti is in lower-case is intended to chastise the overly prominent visual pollution, which no doubt galvanised Pughs strong dislike for big cities. While Duffy expresses a rather mono-faceted opinion of travel, Pughs is more ambiguous; she is in favour of counter-urban (that is, rural) travel, but not urban travel. In the second stanza, You see precedes space, followed by a new line, suggesting that visitors to Birmingham struggle to find anything aesthetically worthwhile to comment on. Pugh then completes the sentence, with towns backsides which portrays the view of industrialised towns highly negatively, since the noun backside is usually associated with faeces. This evocative imagery makes the reader picture the forsaken state of the city, so they are more likely to align with Pughs disdainful view. The concept of physical journey is typical in many of Pughs poems, for example she includes Scandanavian proper nouns often in the collection, What a Place to Grow Flowers in the titles of such poems as Men growing flowers: Hveragerdi, Ingthor the chanter, The flute-playing at Skalholt and Going back to Hlidarendi and also refers to travel in the Earth Studies collection in such poems as After I came back from Iceland (When I got back to Heathrow) and Harbours (over the glittering road you should have gone to your true harbour). Disillusion with the aesthetically disappointing state of Britain during the highly-industrialised, Thatcher-run 80s influenced Pugh to travel abroad and write about the liberating effects of foreign journey, and her evocative language and simile such as how breathing was like drinking cold water encourages readers to travel abroad to enjoy these experiences. In In Mrs. Tilschers Class the number of travel-related ideas diminishes as the poem progresses, conveying, in her eyes, the lack of imagination and exploration the children in the poem face as they grow up. This links strongly to the theme of maturity.  Running parallel to the theme of physical journey is that of journey from innocence and youth to knowledge and maturity, which is explored in Religion 1, wherein the transition from nescience to knowledge is depicted through the subtle sexual reference of,  some thing / well-shaped; uncommon; fashioned to their liking. Needless to say, this is a reference to temptation in the Garden of Eden in the Genesis story of Adam and Eve, and the use of the nonspecific adverb some suggests lack of knowledge, which is antithetical to the subsequent knowledge they experience; the verb know (present in the subsequent poem in Selected Poems, History 1) can mean, in a Biblical sense, copulate, thus this is a subtle reference to sexual maturity a nd discovery. Unlike in many of her earlier works, predominantly those in Standing Female Nude such as Oppenheims Cup and Saucer and Girlfriends, Duffy similarly uses subtle references to sexual maturity in In Mrs. Tilschers Class in which she mentions inky tadpoles which can be interpreted as a metaphor for sperm cells, which resemble tadpoles. This symbolism conveys the growing childrens sexual maturity, and in the context of the poem which intends to paint a picture of every readers experience of growing up and school-life through use of the generic second-person pronoun, you, how sexual maturity is an integral part of growing up. Dissimilar to in Originally, this poem uses less enjambment and more full-stops and commas at the ends of lines; this is significant since the former poem is primarily about a literal journey, and the latter a figurative journey, therefore the diminished presence of enjambment suggests that growing up is a less smooth-flowing journey than relocation. This makes reader more likely to identify with this poem because everyone experiences adolescence but not everyone relocation, so Duffys work is more appreciated and, as has been mentioned, her social messages are reached by a wider audience.

Comm 307 Study Guide Essays

Comm 307 Study Guide Essays Comm 307 Study Guide Essay Comm 307 Study Guide Essay Comm 307 Midterm Study Guide Types of Hypotheses: ?tentative statement about the relationship between IV DV ?One-tailed ?predicts the specific nature of the relationship or difference ?EX: Females will talk more (higher word count) than males in mixed dyadic dinner conversations ? Two-tailed ?predicts significant relationship or difference, but does not indicate the specific nature of the relationship ?EX: There is a significant difference in the quantity of words used (talkatively) by males females in mixed dyadic dinner conversations ? Null (Ho)? predicts that groups will not vary on DV or that there is not a relationship between 2 variables ? Ho: r=0 H1: r=0 ?H0: male talkatively = female talkatively ?**you are testing the Null hypotheses Types of Research Questions: ?explicit question researchers ask about variables of interest ? Directional ?asks if there is a positive or negative relationship or a specific difference between two or more variables ?EX: Do females use significa ntly more words than males? ?Nondirectional ?when researcher asks if there is no relationship between two or more variables or a significant difference occurs between two or more variables EX: Is there a significant difference between the amount of words (talkatively) females and males? Variables: ?Any entity that can take on different values ?Concrete ?birth order (first born, middle child, baby) ?sex (male or female) ?Abstract ?age (a number that changes) ?level of public speaking anxiety (score) ?Relationships ?correspondence between two variables ?Correlation ?Positive, Negative, No relationship ?Strength and Direction Variables: ?Independent ?variable(s) that is (are) manipulated or changed ?we study the impact on the DV ?Dependent ?variables recorded or measured ?we study changes in DV **RESPONDER! ?Intervening Variables ?variable that intervenes between the independent variable the dependent variable ? Antecedent Variables ?must consider what happened previously ?a study exa mining the impact of conflict (IV) on marital satisfaction (DV) ?possible antecedent variables could potentially impact the results ? Variable Levels ?Nominal ?three rules: ?mutually exclusive ?equivalency ?exhaustive ?examples: ?biological sex (male vs female) ?heart attack (yes vs no) ?Ordinal ?three rules: ?mutually exclusive ?logical ordering of categories (more of something) ?categorical balance ?examples: socio economic status ?(lower, middle, upper) ?education level ?(high school, college, graduate) ? letter grades ?(A, B, C, D, or F) ?Interval ?variable where the values of the categories are classified in a logical order that represents equal distances between the levels within each category ?there is no absolute zero ?examples: ?likert scale ?strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree, strongly agree ? semantic differential/bipolar adjective scale ? good/bad, dirty/clean, strong/weak ? guttman or scalogram rarely used in comm research ?to ascertain belief ?Ratio ?variable where the values of the categories are classified in a logical order that represents equal distances between the levels within each category with the presence of an absolute zero ?examples: ?temperature, age, height, weight ?mass, blood pressure, speed, heart rate CALCULATING Mean Median Mode ?most frequently reported score ?Bimodal (2 different modes) ?No Mode Skewness ?positively skewed = tail runs to right of curve ?negatively skewed = tail runs to left of curve Kurtosis ?If Kurtosis is above 0, then distribution is peaked with short, thick tails If Kurtosis is below 0, then distribution is flat and has many cases in the tails Normal Distribution (Bell curve) ?mean, median, mode = same number = bell curve CALCULATING: ?Range ?distance between largest value (Xmax) smallest score (Xmin) ?range = Xmax Xmin ?Sum of Squares ?Variance ?the average distance of the scores for an internal or ration scale from the mean in squared units ?high variance = most of scores are away form the me an ?low variance = most scores are centered closely to the mean ?Standard Deviation ?summary statistic of how scores vary from the mean is expressed in the original units of measurement tells us on avg how far each score differs from the avg score ?why we care: ?for a study we might see a reported: (M=24. 5, SD = 2. 1) ? 68% between 22. 4-26. 6 ?95% between 20. 3-28. 7 Likert Scales ?one likert scale ordinal data ?multiple likert scales interval data ?strongly disagree-strongly agree Semantic Differential Scales ?determines differential/bipolar adjective ?one scale ordinal data ?multiple interval data Reliability ?accuracy that a measure has for producing stable, consistent measurements ?ex: does the watch work effectively? ?Tests for Reliability Test-retest ?same measure/different occasion ?Alternate ?different measure/same phenomenon ?Split-Half ?split to 2 groups/correlate scores ?Cronbach’s Alpha ?statistical test ?interpreting like grades ?a = excellent, b = good, c = r espectable, d =undesirable, f = unacceptable ? . 70 to get published ?Krippendorf’s Alpha ?Ways to improve reliability of an instrument ? item construction ?increase the length of the instrument ?improve the admin of the test Validity: ?degree to which the measuring instrument measures what it is intended to measure ? Types of Validity ?Face (content) Validity ?look at appearance of measure ?Criterion Validity ?look at how accurately new measure can predict well-accepted measures ? Construct Validity ?look at degree survey measures ?Threats to Validity ?Overlapping variables ?Measuring relationship satisfaction but actually measuring life satisfaction ? Interaction of Different Treatments ?intervening variable ?results form multiple treatments not from experiment ?ex: measuring improvement of public speaking in comm majors (its likely that other classes are contributing to success too) ? Interaction of Testing and Treatment ?when participants are sensitive or receptive to future measures of particular variable ? Hypothesis Guessing ?when participants guess what researcher is attempting to measure ? Evaluation Apprehension ?some individuals experience anxiety when they know they are being evaluated ? ex: white coat syndrome ?Experimenter Expectancies ?experimenter unknowingly influence a participants scores on a measure ? ex: accidentally telling the subject to quickly complete their measure (when they are measuring time as a ariable) ? Social Desirability Bias ?when participant changes a response to be seen in a better light ? ex: altering a survey response in case someone links the response to self Conducting Survey Research ?Prepare ?determine your question types (NOIR) ?use common sense putting survey together ?create clear instructions ?design your study ?complete pilot testing as needed ?Disseminate ?interview (face to face, telephone) ?self-administered ?mass a dministration ?mailed administration ?internet administration ?Improving Response Rates ?make survey easy to complete ?keep survey short use SASE (stamps envelopes to return) as needed ?include a good cover letter ?use multiple administration techniques Response Sets, Non-Response Bias Content Analysis ?a summarizing, quantitative analysis of messages ?conducting content analysis ?early stelps: ?theory rationale ?conceptualization ?operationalization ?detailed description ?unit of analysis: ?major phenomenon being analyzed within a study ? next steps: ?coding schemes (defined) ?sampling (determined) ?training pilot reliability Cohen’s kappa Coding Problems ?coding misinterpretations ?coder inattention ?coder fatigue

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

Marketing - Essay Example Earlier, such marketing initiatives were taken by local sales people but from Dec. 08 onwards, the company examined the viability of these campaigns by hosting events and advertising its value offer working in partnership with www.BillShrink.com, a free service that tells consumers how much they would be saving, as it shared the knowledge with prospective customers of T-Mobile that they would be saving $24 a month over a time period of two years if they change to T-Mobile. Promotions were organized in many markets including Los Angeles and San Francisco to get familiarize with BillShrink as a value tool for customers and get acquainted with sales people. It helped the company in attending to the customer needs where it has been providing distribution services, namely Chicago, Dallas, Philadelphia and San Francisco. On-site promotions were also offered to customers through â€Å"Mobile Makeovers† offering to win the maximum from using the BillShrink service (Chipps 1). Works Ci ted Chipps, William. â€Å"T-Mobile Sees Success.† Weblog entry. IEG’s Sponsorship Blogs. 25 November 2009.